Retention Of Minority College Students With Learning...

Retention of minority College students with Learning Disabilities Michael Anthony Galeana California State University, Northridge ELPS 601HE Tuesday, December 09, 2014 Abstract This research will discuss the retention rate among college students of color with learning disabilities. Majority of this paper will consist of published articles, reports, and research that address the retention rate with students of color that have been diagnosed with a learning disability. For the purpose of this paper, the learning disability that will be researched will be attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD). The articles, reports, and research provided in this paper have addressed the issue†¦show more content†¦Attrition is the rate in which students disenroll from a post-secondary institution, which was defined in O’Keeffe’s (2013) article. Past research has suggested that the lack of participation and the culture shock of some students have contributed in such high attrition rates (O Keeffe, 2013). From the outcomes of these researches, universities have implemented programs to retain and increa se retention rates. However, when it comes to attrition rates, it seems that one population of students goes unnoticed. With the increase of student enrollment, students with Learning Disabilities enrolling in colleges have also increased. The average increase in this population has been 40%, which is a big jump for many of the universities as stated by Reid and Knight (2006) However, it is the two year colleges, which has jumped to 71% of its incoming student as indicated by McCleary-Jones (2007), has had the most dramatic increase. There are many factors that could have attributed to the college enrollment increase of students with learning disabilities. Introduction of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination against those that are disabled, ensured that reasonable accommodations where made for students with learning disabilities, and the demystification of the abilities of disabled people have played a factor in increase enrollment of college students, whic h was mentioned by Reid, and Knight (2006). Regardless of the increase of students with

Of Mice and Men, American Beauty Essay examples - 1159 Words

Through the comparative study of â€Å"Of Mice and Men† written by John Steinbeck in 1937 and â€Å"American Beauty† directed by Sam Mendes in 1999, it is apparent that the concept of the American Dream is timeless and enduring. Mendes and Steinbeck use language techniques such as dramatic foreshadowing and filmic techniques to define the American Dream’s spiritual and materialistic aspects. However, from the context of the Great Depression explored in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† to the economic boom of 1999 which provides the backdrop to â€Å"American Beauty†, society has greatly evolved. Hence, as the context changes, so does our understanding of the American Dream and its perceived values. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is set during the Great Depression when people†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, the American Dream was literally a miracle during a time where money and work was scarce. With â€Å"I hardly never seen two guys travel together†¦ Never seem to give a damn about nobody.†, Slim sums up the nature of the people at the time, they were lone wolves and the dream was an impossible task to accomplish alone. Even so, the bond between Lennie and George gives the audience hope through the use of encouraging descriptions such as â€Å"We got a future. We’ll have a big vegetable patch and a rabbit-hutch and chickens.† However, this all comes falling down when they meet Curley’s wife. She recounted her dream of â€Å"Coulda been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†¦coulda sat in them big hotels, an’ had pitchers took of me.† Repetition of the word â€Å"coulda† gave the read er a sense of what could’ve been if her dreams came true but instead her marriage has become lifeless. Curley’s wife showed that the American Dream apart from its beauty and hopes, was too fragile for reality during the Great Depression. Similarly, the fragility of the American Dream is also shown by the death of the pursuer in â€Å"American Beauty†. Lester Burnham has already acquired Lennie and George’s dream, yet he is arguably even further from happiness than they were, because Lennie and George were drawn together byShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men and American Beauty Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesinsights into the American Dream are offered through the novella Of Mice and Men and the film American Beauty? In your essay you must consider the influences of context and the importance of techniques in shaping meaning. Of Mice and Men, a 1937 novella by John Steinbeck and American Beauty, a 1999 film directed by Sam Mendes, offer various insights into the American Dream and are both contextually driven. Both texts present the possibility of different pursuits of the American Dream and portrayRead MoreOf Mice and Men Argumentative Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Prompt: John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, has a controversial history. It has been repeatedly banned by school boards. Why might this book have been banned? Is such an action justified? In a five-paragraph essay, take a position for or against banning this novel. Use your three body paragraphs to develop each of three reasons for or against banning the novel. The Lost Portion of Human Society Right from the beginning of human civilization, books had become the vital flame that ignitedRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1319 Words   |  6 PagesBryann Cervantes AP English IV Mrs. Batey Of Mice and Men To most, John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is a revered novel on racial segregation in the United States. This text has been remarkably controversial because of the way it deals with difficult issues regarding race and the American dream; however, despite its disputable history, it is an incredibly important book that is used to study many aspects of race relations in the United States in the early to mid twentieth century, more specificallyRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men1644 Words   |  7 PagesJarvis Johnson Research Paper John Steinbeck is an American author of 27 books, widely known for award winning novels, The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men; Steinbeck is also a Nobel Prize winning of Literature. Steinbeck’s writing expresses realistic and creative thoughts, combining as they do compassionate comedy (through Lennie) and intense social perception with their surrounding national culture. John Steinbeck, â€Å"Of mice and Men†, Printed in 1937, articulating a tale of characters, GeorgeRead MoreInfluence Of Writer s Life And Times1416 Words   |  6 Pagesin American history did the civilian population suffer the most financially than in the 1930s. The unemployment level rose to an all-time high, and inflation made it nearly impossible for the common man to afford basic luxuries. It was in this era that John Steinbeck wrote a short story based off of migrant laborers set in his hometown of Salinas. The Great Depression of the 1930s, a decade of hardship and destitution, greatly influenced John Steinbeck and his dismal novella, Of Mice and Men. SteinbeckRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 Pageswell-known writers emerged in that special historical time. Because of the difficult situations, American writers turned their focus to social problems and issues. They were motivated to arouse sympathy for the suffering of common people, especially those at the very bottom of the society. (Wang, 2012) John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, is one of the most significant and representative American writers in that era. He is the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1962. John Steinbeck’sRead MoreOf Mice And Men And The American Dream Theme756 Words   |  4 Pagesimpossible. Of Mice and Men creates a world of gloom, sadness but also joy. The novella specifies many problems that the world had and still has in modern day. The novella is driven by a common theme that shows the flaws and strengths of the characters. The American Dream is an important theme in Of Mice and Men because it helps the characters look forward to a better future. Also, The American Dream makes the characters make important decisions that will affect their future. Finally, The American Dream madeRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1461 Words   |  6 Pages Of Mice and Men is a novella portraying the failure of the American Dream. Steinbeck explores many different aspects of the life in the 1930 s throughout the novella e.g. racism. Of Mice and Men teaches the grim lesson about the nature of the human existence, showing the impossible and pragmatic truth of the American Dream. Miller also does this, as in Death of a Salesman , Miller, shows that there are different versions of the American Dream. Willy believes that one only can rise toRead MoreAmerica Is Home To Many Great Writers Whom Come Different1709 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is home to many great writers whom come different backgrounds. American authors like John Steinbeck who add biographical elements into their pieces of writing. John Steinbeck, one of the most honorable authors of time, is known for receiving Nobel Prize, California commonwealth club medal, Pulitzer Prize, and other great accomplishments towards publishing sixteen novels. Steinbeck’s realist style of writing and life experiences impacting his life show the reader he’s been through a lot inRead MoreAnalysis of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of ‘Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck ‘Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck is a classic novel, tragedy, written in a social tone. The authorial attitude is idyllic, however, as the story develops it changes into skeptic. It is evident that Steinbeck knew the setting and places he is writing about. In my opinion Steinbeck drew the subject matter from his own experience of working on ranches, he was interested in special kinds of relationships among men working on ranches with him. There

Assignment for English for Written Communication free essay sample

An old friend who now lives oversea had lent you some money to help you start a small business. Your business has been growing well. Write a report to your friend to tell him how you have progressed * To: * Date: Subject: Dear my old friend, I am truly thankful for the money you lent me to start my own small business six years ago. So far my business has been growing very well. I write this letter as a report to let you know how I have managed to run this business. This report will clarify the background Information about the foundation of my company, the regress to date, my future plan and anticipated problems.This may make you feel that investing in me is worthy. Perhaps you will change your mind to co-operate with me after realizing how big my company is. Background information I now possess the music website which is www. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment for English for Written Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Miff. Com. The name MIFF stands for music for fun. It is very well-known in Vietnam with more than 12 million users accessing per day. From an amateur entertaining website started to serve my own Interest, I have accomplished step-by-step targets to turn It Into a prominent reparation.I am also planning to develop it to be a multi-media corporation and approach to many other areas. About six years ago, I spent only 20 USED on buying domain and 3000 USED borrowed from you purchasing a web hosting service in order to establish my own music website. The original purpose is to fulfill my own desire of sharing music with everyone else. Then the website became gradually renowned due to Its plain name. A great amount of users downloaded music files everyday so that I had to worry about It. Process of developmentOne year after, I began to exploit its economic potential. I hired more employees to help me design the web pages and implement advertising campaigns. At this stage, the profit from advertising Is more than 10,000 USED. Two years later, this number Increased sharply to 80,000 USED. Especially, the profits from collecting users fees and event services were up steeply to 100,000 USED. As you can see the line graph below, the profit constantly rocketed from 2007 to 2012. The rates of MIFF corporations profits per 1,000 USED Nowadays MIFF corp.. S more than 100 employees. There are more than 12 million MIFF to negotiate with Musician Association Vietnam (MAP) and Record industry association Vietnam (RIVAL) in order to buy Vietnamese music copyright. When Vietnamese teenagers tended to listen to international music more and more I purchased copyrights from Universal music group and Warner Brose music. At this stage, we would get fined 150,000 USED for every single music file downloaded from our website if we did not possess copyrights. Then my investment was paid off.In 012 MIFF became one of the biggest and the most professional music websites which Obey the copyrights law in Vietnam. Hence we received many rewards from government and co-operation from a lot of well-known musicians. Future plans intend to expand my business by opening two websites about online shopping and online dating in the next few years. It will help improve the standards of living in modern era. The upcoming profit of the company will rise to 1 million USED, which leads me to be one of the youngest billionaire in this country. ProblemsAlthough the business progressed very well, the website needs to be improved more and more. Many music websites nowadays become wide-spread, which may create an extremely competitive market. If we ignore the growth of other companies we will be frustrated someday. The other serious problem is that the increase of users makes the website go slowly. That is why we receive a number of complaints from customers every day. Further, users expressed that they do not like advertisements on our home page because it sometimes disturbs them when they unintentionally lick these advertisements links. It is annoying. Therefore, our profit from advertising is going to decline in the next months. Conclusion ere report describes very clearly and precisely how I have progressed to run my own small business and develop it to be a big corporation. The profits of MIFF corp.. Have been rising dramatically in the last 6 years. Now everything is going smoothly. The anticipated problems may be difficult barriers though there is no sign that our revenue is going to fall. I hope you will make up your mind to invest in my company or invest in me once again.

Report On Youth Violence Essay Example For Students

Report On Youth Violence Essay There are many misconceptions about the prevalence of youth violence in our society and it is important to peel back the veneer of hot-tempered discourse that often surrounds the issue. While it is important to carefully review the circumstances surrounding these horrifying incidents so that we may learn from them, we must also be cautious about inappropriately creating a cloud of fear over every student in every classroom across the country. In the case of youth violence, it is important to note that, statistically speaking, schools are among the safest places for children to be. Final Report, Bi Partisan Working Group on Youth Violence 106th Congress, February 2000 Public policy towards children has moved towards treating them more like adults and in ways that increasingly mimic the adult criminal justice system. The most recent version of this movement is so-called zero tolerance in schools, where theories of punishment that were once directed to adult criminals are now applied to first graders.1 Zero tolerance is the phrase that describes Americas response to student misbehavior. Zero tolerance means that a school will automatically and severely punish a student for a variety of infractions. While zero tolerance began as a Congressional response to students with guns, gun cases are the smallest category of school discipline cases. Indeed, zero tolerance covers the gamut of student misbehavior, from including ;threats; in student fiction to giving aspirin to a classmate. Zero tolerance has become a one-size-fits-all solution to all the problems that schools confront. It has redefined students as criminals, with unfortunate consequences. While zero tolerance policies target the serious risk of students bringing guns to school, they also go after other weapons or anything, like a Swiss Army knife, that can be used as a weapon. Zero tolerance responds to student violence (covering a wide range of activities) or threats of violence. Zero tolerance is theoretically directed at students who misbehave intentionally, yet it also applies to those who misbehave as a result of emotional problems, or other disabilities, or who merely forget what is in their pocket after legitimate non-school activities. It treats alike first graders and twelfth graders. Zero tolerance results in expulsion or suspension irrespective of any legitimate explanation. In many instances it also results in having the student arrested. Recent Trends As reported in the April, 2000 American Bar Association Journal: Nationwide, statistics gathered by the Justice Policy Institute and the U.S. Department of Education show that crime of all sorts is down at public schools since 1990, some studies say by as much as 30 percent. Less than 1 percent of all violent incidents involving adolescents occur on school grounds. Indeed, a child is three times more likely to be struck by lightning than to be killed violently at school. Still, fueled by media hype, fear of the unthinkable and perhaps even a bit of guilt, more parents are demanding that school boards implement strict policies to deal with kids who step out of line. So-called zero tolerance policies being implemented across the country are snaring large numbers of regular kids in broad nets designed to fish for troublemakers.2 The nets are indeed broad. In a report issued in the spring of 2000 by the Justice Policy Institute in Washington and the Kentucky-based Childrens Law Center: A seventeen-year-old junior shot a paper clip with a rubber band at a classmate, missed, and broke the skin of a cafeteria worker. The student was expelled from school. A nine-year-old on the way to school found a manicure kit with a 1-inch knife. The student was suspended for one day. The report notes that many of these children are also referred to juvenile court: The power of comedy Essay In Ponchatoula Louisiana, a 12-year-old who had been diagnosed with a hyperactive disorder warned the kids in the lunch line not to eat all the potatoes, or Im going to get you.; The student, turned in by the lunch monitor, was suspended for two days. He was then referred to police by the principal, and the police charged the boy with making ;terroristic threats. ; He was incarcerated for two weeks while awaiting trial. Two 10-year-old boys from Arlington, Virginia were suspended for three days for putting soapy water in a teachers drink. At the .

Yo Quiero Taco Bell free essay sample

UC Prompt: Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? Common App: Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. â€Å"What are you?† a girl asks me. â€Å"What do you mean?† It should be obvious. I’m a person, a living, breathing, human being. I’m a girl who likes to read and play beach volleyball. I have lived in four different places, enjoy public speaking and learned to skimboard in only one day. â€Å"Like I’m half Italian and half Portuguese.† It’s nice to meet you half Italian and half Portuguese. â€Å"Oh! I’m Mexican.† â€Å"Wow†¦ really? You don’t seem very Mexican†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I can’t blame the poor girl; she’s not the first and will not be the last to doubt my Hispanic descent. We will write a custom essay sample on Yo Quiero Taco Bell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the outside I don’t appear as your stereotypical Latin-American teenager; my skin is pale during the winter and fall, my eyes change color but have never been brown, and I have both of my eyebrows without the need to pencil them on. I can’t roll my R’s, and have a low tolerance for spicy food. I enjoy Taco Bell and my name isn’t Maria. For these reasons I’ve been told by society that I’m not â€Å"a real Mexican,† and as a result, I believed it. I shunned my Hispanic family culture, from openly declaring that I did not like Mexican food despite my weakness for tamales and enchiladas to avoiding my own Grandmother, a first generation American from Mexico who speaks only Spanish because I was embarrassed to speak the language of the culture I wished to disown. However, as I’ve grown older and learn to be more critical of the statements of society I’ve realized that my family’s Hispanic tradition has molded me to become more â€Å"Mexican† than my phenotype ever could have. From an early age I’ve learned that those who can endure the pain of work shall reap the rewards, from cramming for an AP test, running the last stretch of a 400m to picking strawberries in a field. I’ve also been taught that no matter what, family comes first. At Christmas time, regardless of relation, everyone becomes my Tia or Tio and I become Mija, daughter of everyone. I’ve learned our culture’s perseverance from my father, he managed to pay his own way through medical school, becoming one of the first in his family to go to college, setting an example for my siblings and me. From my Mother I’ve learned not only to embrace my heritage, but also to be proud of it. Even though I don’t parade around school with the flag of Mexico on my backpack, I will gladly tilt my head back and let loose the deafening laugh my family is famous for despite the occasional glare from my peers. I am thankful for the way I look. It has taught me that even though being Mexican does not define me, it has helped shape and become a part of the person I am. My name is Carina Bianca and though my skin is pale and my eyes are not brown, I am a full-blooded Mexican and will not be told otherwise.

Free Essays on Realistic Ratings

Tanylle Casper Realistic Ratings After a long day at work, Tom’s mother walks in the door and down the hall to Toms room to let him know that she is home. As she approached his door she hears a streaming flow of foul language blaring out from under Toms door. She quickly opes her 12 year old’s door to find Tom, pants sagging with a bandana on his head, screaming out the lyrics of Eminem’s latest album. She quickly turns off the thumping sound and asks Tom where he got the CD. He said that he bought in on his way home from school with the money he earning mowing the lawn. Music! What’s the big deal? Why should anyone care what an individual listens too? Music can create a mood. When someone wants to relax he might listen to calm soothing music. When someone is in a good mood, she could listen to upbeat top 40's music. When someone has had a rough day where nothing thing goes right, she may crank up the heavy metal. Or when someone is mad at the world he might throw in a rap cd. There is nothing wrong with just listening to music, but more often then not, that is not the case. Listening is not enough. People,especially young teens and pre-teens, want to look, act, sing, and dress like their favorite music star. Or, sometimes worse, they want to be the kind of people their idols are singing about. The government has made the music industry put warning labels on cd’s with explicit lyrics, but they are vague, limited to explicit material, and still anyone may buy the cd. Cd’s should be rated like movies, and those rated â€Å"R† should not be sold to teens younger then 17 without adult supervision, because parents need an easily recognizable rating system to decide if the cd’s lyrics might adversely influence their teen. Parents often throw up their hands and say ‘I can't always turn off the radio or monitor what they're listening too,’ and they’re absolute... Free Essays on Realistic Ratings Free Essays on Realistic Ratings Tanylle Casper Realistic Ratings After a long day at work, Tom’s mother walks in the door and down the hall to Toms room to let him know that she is home. As she approached his door she hears a streaming flow of foul language blaring out from under Toms door. She quickly opes her 12 year old’s door to find Tom, pants sagging with a bandana on his head, screaming out the lyrics of Eminem’s latest album. She quickly turns off the thumping sound and asks Tom where he got the CD. He said that he bought in on his way home from school with the money he earning mowing the lawn. Music! What’s the big deal? Why should anyone care what an individual listens too? Music can create a mood. When someone wants to relax he might listen to calm soothing music. When someone is in a good mood, she could listen to upbeat top 40's music. When someone has had a rough day where nothing thing goes right, she may crank up the heavy metal. Or when someone is mad at the world he might throw in a rap cd. There is nothing wrong with just listening to music, but more often then not, that is not the case. Listening is not enough. People,especially young teens and pre-teens, want to look, act, sing, and dress like their favorite music star. Or, sometimes worse, they want to be the kind of people their idols are singing about. The government has made the music industry put warning labels on cd’s with explicit lyrics, but they are vague, limited to explicit material, and still anyone may buy the cd. Cd’s should be rated like movies, and those rated â€Å"R† should not be sold to teens younger then 17 without adult supervision, because parents need an easily recognizable rating system to decide if the cd’s lyrics might adversely influence their teen. Parents often throw up their hands and say ‘I can't always turn off the radio or monitor what they're listening too,’ and they’re absolute...

Should the Government regulate Computer Games nationally Research Paper

Should the Government regulate Computer Games nationally - Research Paper Example Those in opposition argue that video games are a new form of artistic expressions and are considered to be protected under amendments. Both sides have based their arguments from scientific works of Craig Anderson, which prove that violent video games increase aggressive behavior and violence (Craig & Karen 20). No causal link established between violent video game exposure and aggressive thinking or behavior. It is unconstitutional to regulate video game content, as there are new form of artistic expressions, which are considered to be protected under amendments with bodies existing to do the rating, like the ESRB. If video games were increasing violent behaviors and aggressiveness, why has juvenile statistics decreased steadily since the year 1994? Why does 40% of girls and 90% of boys under the age of 18 play video games and thence no single child has committed crime. This is according to the survey carried out on January 2014. Since 1980s, courts have laid down laws that prohibit children from buying violent video games. US Supreme Court decided to consider a California law sponsored by Arnold Schwarzenegger banning the sale of violent video games to minors on 27th, June 2011. The law imposes $ 1,000 fines on any stores skirting it. However, the question is that, is it necessary for the government to regulate what children should play? While regulations by the government are welcomed in some corners of our lives, it is not always welcomed everywhere. Gun violence has been rampant and U.S President Barack Obama is set out to find the causes of such violence. This is according to his Chicago speech on February 10,th of February, 2013 California law banned the sale of the most violent video games involving killing, maiming and sexually assaulting image of human being. Games violating this standard would have to bear an 18+† label. However, the Court ruled that the current rating system was sufficient, and parents are free to deny their

Company Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Analysis Paper - Essay Example Dell has been successful in the computer industry while other companies such as Sony and Toshiba have not made as much as Dell. In the computer industry the products that are produced have a very short life cycle and for this reason products quickly become obsolete. Toshiba and Sony have only tried to make a steady supply of their products but in the computer industry this is not very important, what is important in the computer industry is flexibility. Flexibility means that a volume of one product is supplied quickly and when there is a change in technology a company must switch quickly and offer the new product to the market.1 Dell has succeeded in changing their products when a new technology emerges. This is followed by a well organised supply chain where products are offered in the market, for this reason therefore Dell has been successful due to their quick adoption to new technology that emerge in the production of computers and computer products. The other reason why Dell has been successful is the adoption of a sophisticated supply network, Dell products are shipped directly from the supplier to the end customer, customers will only order their products and they are directly delivered to them, this has ensured a very effective supply chain which has led to the success of Dell, its competitors like Toshiba and Sony have not adopted such supply networks and for this reason they have not been in a position to succeed in this industry.2 Performance measures in the computer industry: Performance measures are those indicators that help a company to define and measure the progress of the company, the computer industry has come up with benchmarks to measure performance, the Raw speed is one of benchmark used to measure performance in this industry, it is a measure from SPEC which stands for standard performance evaluation Corp, this benchmark measures the central processing unit, however this measure does not consider how fast data can be retrieved from the hard disk and this measure is complicated. Another test checks the CPU integer performance. This means checking how the CPU handles simple tasks, the other measure is the SPECINT95 which checks how the product handles complex mathematics. Another performance measure is the graphic performance benchmark, it is aimed at measuring how fast computers will run graphic intensive applications, and the graphic performance measure is provided by the GPC which stands for Graphic performance committee. Project two: SWOT analysis: Strengths: Strength of the Dell company is that the company offer customised products to its consumers, the company products are built to order, the customer orders and he or she is shipped the product, for this reason therefore the customer gets what he or she wants, this is a strength through which the company is able to communicate with its customers and they are able to understand their needs which is a key to success in every business. The other strength is the introduction of internet order of products, customers order through the internet which enable a swift and improved distribution process, this also enables the expansion of value added services, through the introduction

Problems with the pre-admission call center Case Study

Problems with the pre-admission call center - Case Study Example The pre-admission procedure is an extremely crucial process in any infirmary. It is a crucial procedure because it provides the concerned doctor the chance to inform the infirmary of a patient’s surgery or appointment. It notifies of the patient’s admission date and the length of stay in the hospital. It is a prior encounter with a physician who elucidates the entire process, addresses any queries with regard to the treatment. It ensures that the ailing individual approves of his or her treatment at the infirmary. In this procedure, it is vital to confirm any individual details, Medicare or health coverage information, entitlement information and any physician’s information provided. The pre-admission call office has professionals, who have the responsibility to contact patients prior to admission to assess their medical accounts, confer their discharge needs, and respond to any queries that the ailing individuals might have, as well as offer directions with rega rd to the day of admittance to the infirmary. The nurse at the centre also ensures that the patient gets an appropriate appointment time for his or her respective medical procedure. In this same process, the patient might be required to get blood testing, x-rays, sessions with a physiotherapist and a dialogue with regard to discharge time. The pre-admission phase creates a chance for medical personnel to relate with the patients. This is usually to reveal the caring aspect of the infirmary via personalized, patient centric treatment. It provides an opportune time to foster ailing individual’s health literacy and their comprehension of care procedures so as to avert any needless readmissions (Forbes, p.1). A vital requirement to averting these readmissions is medical resolutions. This is where accessible and potential contra-intervening medical therapies are established and remediated. Persons with the least health literacy, low agreement profiles, and intricate regimens are m ost in danger. The doctor’s failure to recognize potential medication problems early is a patient security subject that can rapidly corrode a patient’s assurance in the infirmary. This can put patient in jeopardy. In addition, the pre-admission procedure assists reveal risks that can influence treatment and describe post release follow up treatments. This, consequently, enhances patient gratification issue. This process also assists in enhancing post discharge personal management. This is mainly to thwart expenses and perils related to needless re-admissions. The pre-admission process makes certain that all patients’ needs have been established. It also ensures that a patient comprehends everything that is going to occur and the related peril. It is a significant procedure since the patient’s as well as the infirmary’s resources is planned properly. An inclusive process assists in developing a positive initial impression on the client. The pre-admi ssion procedure ensures efficient resource utilization and advances patient gratification and security. Fostering post release process all through the pre-admission procedure can make sure that a patient has an affirmative last impression. This also ensures that the patient has adequate information required for a secure recuperation. The significant objective of the pre-admission procedure is education of patients. This is prior to treatment, as well as post discharge supervision. This process also aids in developing a checklist of requirements for varied patients. This helps in averting issues that emerge from incoherent additions or deletions in drug utilization. It also assists in directing the patient to the correct healthcare physiotherapist. It also ensures establishment of accountability as well as developing patients’ alerts utilizing a transitional treatment command office. Furthermore, it assists in the scheduling of treatment dates as well as making sure post disch arge best procedures are designed

Enhancing Online Privacy In Behavioral Targeting Advertisement Information Technology Essay

Enhancing Online Privacy In Behavioral Targeting Advertisement Information Technology Essay Advertisements are part of everyday life even if its not a choice. They are placed in every possible physically spot and in every kind of mass media. Advertising has become an important channel of modern marketing [19]. The purpose of advertisements can be brand awareness, brand promotion or brand sales and the method varies based on the media used. Internet media is an important communication channel and could not be an exception; therefore, display banner advertisement has become a big industry especially the latest years as advertisers struggle to approach ever-larger audiences with higher susceptibilities to consume. It is estimated that global online advertising market is valued $40 billion in 2009 and grown to $80 billion by 2010.[5] Yet, people actively avoid looking at online banners [1] and empirical and experimental studies show that advertising messages are noisy [2]. Meaning that people are anointed by the existence of advertisements on web and therefore the effectiveness of the advertisement campaign might be low for people that dislike this noise. A way to measure the effectiveness and success of online banner advertisements is CTR (Click Through Rate). A CTR is calculated by dividing the amount of users who clicked on an ad within a web page by the amount of times the ad was in total delivered (impressions). The average click-through rate of banner ads has been decreasing consistently, from 3% in the mid-1990s to 0.2% (eMarketer 2004). Studies showed that since we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information the  selection of the relevant bits of information seems to become more important than the retrieval of data [3]. The relevance of information is subjective and is related to the personal interest of each user. Hence, the idea of behavioural targeting within online advertisement was very quickly expanded in all countries and is today considered to be a mandatory service for the online advertisement industry. Online Behavioural targeting (OAB) is not a new practice within online advertisement industry; it was first released in late 1990s from DoubleClick to track users across sites and present banner advertisements based on their browsing preferences. [6] Interest based advertising is not a static area of technology. On the contrast, its continuously evolving and adapted to new techniques and methods, aiming to increase the revenues by succeeding on targeting the correct potential customers based on their personal interests. Its evolution combines web mining in data analysis of on-line users behaviour and machine learning in optimizing web on-line advertising [1] Companies in the industry use Interest based advertising as a solution for optimizing the selection of ads to display for a certain user. The selection of ads is based on an interest profile built up during visits to websites within a specific ad network. Problems with behavioural targeting The problem in todays solution within interest based advertisement is that since users have the ability to choose to surf in private mode, by selecting this choice from the browser, it is impossible to gather anonymous data about their interests. In advance, although online behavioral advertising promises to decrease the noise and increase the users interest, there is a great concern and protest, particularly among privacy and consumer advocacy groups [6] mainly because of the technology that is been used. In addition to the general disapproval of the fact that the majority of advertising companies store and use their customers information in a non-ethical way, an upcoming refinement of the methods which advertising companies use to inform their users about their online tracking is expected due to an EU directive issued on 2009 [15]. This directive is expected to redefine the implementation and operation of current methods used for retrieval of identification data, since every online advertising agency should explicitly ask for the users consent before accessing and processing his data. Current technology background As mentioned previously, apart from the fact that current behavioral advertising techniques fail to retrieve the appropriate information regarding their target groups, they also neglect the security concerns. Most of them seem to focus more on attracting users attention and persuade them to purchase without taking into consideration their privacy. As a result, security attacks are highly related with current advertising methods, thus making customers suspicious and face rather negatively the fact that their online behavior is monitored. In this section we will first provide a brief description of the available techniques that are widely used from the advertising industry, in order to familiarize the reader with some basic underlying concepts. Consequently, we will specify which of these technologies are used by some of the leading advertising companies aiming to track users online preferences, how they manage to deal with security attacks and why they still fail to convince people that they perform their privacy protection efficiently. One of the most common techniques used to track online behavior nowadays are Cookies. These are text files created by web sites and placed into users hard disk. When a user is visiting a site this file is placed automatically in a specific repository that each browser retains to store cookies. The next time the user choses to visit again this specific site, he will be uniquely identified based on the information that cookie has stored for him[7]. This information can be related to his browsing history, such as the sites he has visited, the usernames and passwords he provided to log into them etc., or information regarding his systems or networks details, such as browser type and version, operating system he uses or his IP address[8]. Another, relatively new introduced method is Deep Packet Inspection (DPI). It is mainly carried out within the users ISP consent and cooperation with advertising companies, since it uses specific software and hardware aiming to retrieve information regarding the online preferences of ISP customers [9]. This information may include details regarding sensitive private data, such as name, sex or location of the user as well as his browsing and purchasing history. On the other hand, web beacons are often used for behavioral tracking also. They are usually a chunk of code linked to a graphic image that is not visible to the user in the foreground of a Web page. It can be used to collect either anonymous data, and in this case are stored in the cache of web browser or personal information which can be retrieved for example from an email containing the web beacon [10]. The techniques mentioned in the previous paragraph are widely used by some of the most dominant companies in the advertising industry, which aim to construct the users profiles based on the tracking of their interests. In this section we will examine how companies like DoubleClick, Phorm and Yahoo exploit the available web techniques to gather information about their users and how they manage to protect the privacy of them. DoubleClick, which was founded in 90s and managed to evolve into one of the most well-known online advertising agencies was acquired by Google Inc.in 2007. They use web cookies that are stored on users browser each time he chooses to visit Google, DoubleClick or some of their partners (YouTube, Amazon etc.). Hence, they retrieve information based on both general browsing history of the user as well as his searching or purchasing history through specific advertising sites. The DoubleClick Cookie is stored in the web browser as a log file containing the time that the user interacted with the advertisement, the users IP address, a number specifying the advertisement, a unique identification number for the users browser and the url path of the site that hosts the advertisement [11]. As such, DoubleClick claims to use information that dont violate users privacy and dont use sensitive personal data to construct the users online profile. Phorm uses Deep Packet Inspection to acquire information from the users online preferences. It cooperates with ISPs to collect data regarding their customers and uses the existing ISP infrastructure to achieve this. The main procedure it follows is to mark each browser with a different random number and relate it with the 10 most often keywords that appear in the visited sites and as such construct a channel, which is a specific subset of users interests [13]. Yahoo makes use of web beacons and the so called Yahoo Cookies, in order to offer their users more focused to their interests advertisements [14]. They use both anonymous and personal data, but in the latter case they require partners to disclose the presence of web beacons in their privacy policies and state what choices are available to users regarding the collection and use of this information, as stated in their website[14]. As such, they rely on their partners privacy policies to efficiently protect the personal information of their users and also inform the user about the action of collecting his private data. Related privacy concerns Despite the fact that all the previously mentioned advertising agencies offer an opt-out choice to their users [15], which allow them to disable the tracking methods operation, there is a lot of discussion about the level in which they succeed in protecting their users privacy. The greater issue of controversy between privacy advocates and advertising agencies focuses on whether all these companies actually use the retrieved information in an ethical way, and if this information is indeed anonymous. Numerous reports depict that Abacus Alliances, which owns databases containing personal information and is one of the major cooperators of DoubleClick utilize sensitive data of DoubleClicks visitors [12]. Phorm has been constantly accused from UK tabloids and Privacy Protection Organizations to infringe Internet Users rights by acquiring and storing personal information, and has also intrigued EU s interest which has launched several legal proceedings against UK for not complying with the EU security rules [20]. Research Methodology In order to provide an accomplished approach to our research we consider that the most suitable inquiry method is Qualitative Methodology and more specifically the conceptual inductive research process since it this is used in almost every workplace and study environment [17] and covers our research structure and means. Within a qualitative study we can generate data in the form of participant descriptions of their experiences and use literary analytic procedures to produce higher-order descriptions and understandings of the investigated experience [18]. First, we will investigate the dominant tendencies of tracking users online behaviour and create the corresponding profiles for marketing purposes. By looking into the main web tools and techniques they deploy to retrieve information about the visitors of their sites, we will try to find out how they manage to build an overall picture of their preferences. We will particularly examine these techniques through a point of view of privacy concerns. In fact we will examine the ways they claim to successfully use towards protecting the privacy of their users, and in which degree they actually manage to achieve this. This part of our survey will be carried out through a data collection procedure based on three different sources of information: The official sites of these companies, in which they describe the basic techniques that use for online behavioral targeting and what policies they follow to protect the privacy of their users. Articles and papers which discuss and evaluate these techniques, by pointing out the basic points in which they fail to efficiently provide privacy security. Previous surveys and statistics which indicate that either users are not interested in the advertisements they are exposed to, or their distrust to the level of the protection they perceive that these companies offer to them. On the next step, our research will deal with a combination of technologies that aim to collect anonymous information regarding customers behaviour and use them for behavioural advertisement targeting. As such, its goal will be to succeed in providing efficient advertise targeting along with showing respect to the users need for privacy and freedom of choice. On the third part of our research, we will try to testify the acceptance of our proposed technique. We consider that the most suitable way to achieve this is within a questionnaire that will give us feedback for our proposal. Related Research The selection of the target group for this questionnaire was based on the following criteria: The target group should consist of people that have regular contact with various Web sites. This means that they have already experienced being exposed to online advertisements, and as such will be better able to express a well-argued opinion about online advertising issues. It would be also useful that they acquire basic knowledge regarding the common tools and methods basically used to track their online behavior. Of course this doesnt mean that they should have in deep knowledge of the technical aspects of these methods, but rather a general sense of how it is feasible for an advertising company to get information about their online behavior. The above consequently imply that the target group should consist of young-aged people, who are the main Internet users and usually have daily interaction with web applications. For practical purposes it would be more convenient that the target group is easily accessible from us and is also familiar with Research and Scientific concepts. As such, it will be of greater interest to them to take part in our survey. For the above reasons we regarded that the most suitable target audience for our questionnaire are KTH and DSV students. Our questions will deal with both examining their opinion about the effectiveness of our proposal in correctly identifying their interests and defining the level of their trust to the privacy protection that it guarantees. The final step will be to collect and evaluate the results coming out of our survey, in order to reach our final conclusions. Literature references [1] Drà ¨ze, X., and Hussherr, F.-X. (2004). Internet Advertising: Is Anybody Watching? Journal of Interactive Marketing , 8-23. [2] Bharat N. Anand  · Ron Shachar (2009) Targeted advertising as a signal Quant Mark Econ (2009) 7:237-266 [3]Hildebrandt, M. and Gutwirth, S. (eds.), Profiling the European Citizen, Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, Springer, p.1 (2008) (Profiling the European Citizen) [4] J. Jaworska and M. Sydow (2008) Behavioural Targeting in On-Line Advertising: An Empirical Study [5] Policy Engagement Network The Information Systems and Innovation Group, ONLINE ADVERTISING:Confronting the Challenges. MAY 2009 [6] V.Toubiana, A.Narayanan, D.Boneh, (2009) Adnostic: Privacy Preserving Targeted Advertising [7]: JOON S. PARK AND RAVI SANDHU, Secure Cookies on the Web, IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING, July-August 2000 [8]: Daniel Lin, Michael C. Loui, Taking the Byte Out of Cookies: Privacy, Consent, and the Web, Ethics and Social Impact, ACM Policy 98 [9]: Gabriel Maci ´a-Fern ´andez, Yong Wang, Rafael Rodr ´Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±guez-G ´omez, Aleksandar Kuzmanovic,ISP-Enabled Behavioral Ad Targeting without Deep Packet Inspection,IEEE INFOCOM 2010 proceedings [10]: JOSHUA GOMEZ, TRAVIS PINNICK, ASHKAN SOLTAN, KNOW PRIVACY, UC Berkeley, School of Information, : JUNE 1st 2009 p.8-9 [11]: http://www.google.com/privacy/ads/ [12]: Ethan Preston Law Clerk, In the Matter of DoubleClick Inc.- Complaint and Request for Injunction, Request for Investigation and for Other Relief, submitted to Federal Trade Commission, February 10, 2000 [13]: http://www.phorm.com/ [14]: http://info.yahoo.com/privacy/us/yahoo/webbeacons/ [15]: 2007/0248 (COD), Directive Of The European Parliament And Of Council, Electronic communications: universal service, users rights relating to networks and services, processing of personal data, protection of privacy, consumer protection cooperation [Telecoms Package  (amend.  Directives 2002/22/EC, 2002/58/EC and Regulation (EC)  No 2006/2004)], Brussels, 22 October 2009 [16]: http://www.networkadvertising.org/participating/ [17] : http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitative-research.aspx [18]: D. E. Polkinghorne, Handbook of Clinical Psychology Competencies, 2009 [19]: Adams M (1995) Brands of gold. Mediaweek 13:30-32 [20]: OsborneClark.com, International Online Behavioral Advertising Survey, 2010 [21]: Anton, A.I., Earp, J.B., Young, J.D., How Internet Users Privacy Concerns Have Evolved since 2002,   Security Privacy, IEEE, Volume :  Ã‚  8 ,   Issue:1  , Jan.-Feb. 2010  p.24

More Then a Noble Perception :: Essays Papers

More Then a Noble Perception Perception is the insight or knowledge gained by perceiving. In The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth the tragic hero of the play is perceived differently by everyone. Macbeth is one of King Duncan's nobleman and soldiers, who as the play goes on murders his leader when hearing he will one day be King from a trio of witches. Through Macbeth's actions the perceptions of Macbeth by the other main characters are learned. As the play goes on it is seen that his best friend, Banquo, his leader King Duncan and his wife Lady Macbeth all have opposing perceptions of him. Comparing their perceptions and the way he is shows how Macbeth may have came to the decision to commit his crime. Banquo is Macbeth's best friend in the tragedy. Banquo is with Macbeth when Macbeth meets the witches and they tell him of his upcoming fortune. Banquo notices how Macbeth is too ambitious after he sees Macbeth's reaction to the witches predictions. He feels even though Macbeth is his best friend he feels Macbeth is capable of wrong doing in the future to get what he wants. This is shown in one aside after they leave the witches. "†¦And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray 's in deepest consequence. Cousins, a word, I pray you. (Act1, SceneIII,line123)" This quote is stating that Banquo thinks Macbeth may do anything to get what he wants no matter what the consequences are. Duncan is the King of Scotland and Macbeth's leader. Duncan's view of Macbeth is narrow-minded. He perceives him as a loyal, noble, trustworthy, soldier whom he is very fond of. Duncan also feels Macbeth is the reason for them winning the war. There is many times in the play where this is pointed out by the things Duncan says. For example, "Give me your hand. Conduct me to mine host: we love him highly, And shall continue our graces towards him...(Act1, SceneVI,line29)" This quote shows that Duncan seems to feel like he owes Macbeth something for his loyalties and bravery in the war. Duncan's perception of Macbeth will prove to be his downfall. Lady Macbeth only sees Macbeth the way she wants to see him. When he tells her there is a chance he will become King she right away thinks of his weaknesses.

Face It: the Impact of Gender on Social Media Images Essay

Social websites like Facebook enable users to upload self-created digital images; it is therefore of interest to see how gender is performed in this domain. A panel used a literature review of pictorial features associated with gender traits, and a sample of Facebook pictures to assess gender stereotypes present in Facebook images. Traits emerging in greater prominence in pictures of males included active, dominant, and independent. Those prominent with female users included attractive and dependent. These findings generally conform to gender stereotypes found in prior research and extend the research regarding stereotypical gender traits displayed in professional media depictions to self-selected social media displays. They also extend the research on gender differences in impression management generally, in both interpersonal communication and social media, to include gender-specific traits that are part of young mens and women’s impression management. Keywords: Facebook; Ge nder Display; Impression Management; Role Theory; Social Media Jessica Rose (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater Philadelphia Area. Susan Mackey-Kallis (Ph.D., Penn State University, 1986) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Len Shyles (Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1981) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Kelly Barry (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater New York area. Danielle Biagini (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater San Diego area. Colleen Hart (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a student at the University of North Carolina School of Law. Lauren Jack (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater New York area. The authors would like to thank Dr. Jesse Frey of the Mathematics Department of Villanova University f or his help in creating the tables presented in this article. Correspondence: Susan Mackey-Kallis, Department of Communication, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085; E-mail: susan.mackey-kallis@villanova.edu ISSN 0146-3373 print/1746-4102 online # 2012 Eastern Communication Association DOI: 10.1080/01463373.2012.725005 The centrality of gender embodiment has animated recent debates in media studies about the relationship among gender representations in media, gendered bodies in virtual space, and gender as performance. With the emergence of social media websites, such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace, users have an online platform that allows them to communicate widely, to virtually manage others’ impressions of them, and to even express gendered identities in cyberspace. With over 500 million active users as of 2011 (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics), Facebook dominates the social media market. Offering a highly interactive platform, Facebook users can leave comments on their friends’ walls, provide status updates and photos, and can even access one another wirelessly through Facebook Mobile. As of 2010, users spent over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/ press/info.php?statistics), often updating their Facebook profiles to add relat ionships to their friends lists. One well-known feature of Facebook is the user’s profile picture, displayed in the upper left-hand corner of each user’s homepage. Intended to be the first thing seen, it is arguably one of the most important features of the user’s Facebook page. The profile picture offers friends, acquaintances and even potential employers a firstimpression of the user’s appearance and, perhaps, their character. Therefore, the content of users’ Facebook profile pictures is an important object of study for researchers interested in how people practice impression management. According to role theory, people follow unwritten social and cultural rules and norms as they behave ‘‘in ways that are different and predictable depending on their respective social identities and the situations they find themselves in’’ (Biddle, 1986, p. 68). Gender identity and gender roles are a significant part of everyday life and, according to Goffman, are actually constituted through social interaction (1976). Gender shapes how people make sense of themselves and their social relationships. However, as Wood notes, ‘‘What gender means depends heavily on cultural values and practices; a culture’s definitions of masculinity and femininity shape expectations about how individual men and women should communicate; and how individuals communicate establishes gender that, in turn, influences cultural views’’ (Wood, 2009, p. 20). Gender display, as a continuous communication loop, is defined by society and expressed by individuals as they interact while shaping evolving societal expectations regarding gender. In contemporary media and culture, women’s and men’s social desirability and gender have often been defined in terms of their bodies. For women, this has often involved comparing themselves to and even replicating the ‘‘thin ideal’’ (presented in modern mass media despite the looming specter of anorexia and bulimia), altering their bodies to heighten perceived sexuality or youthfulness (through cosmetic surgery, exercise or eating), or conforming to traditional definitions of femininity including qualities such as submissiveness or sentimentality (through dress, cosmetics, style, etc.). For men, gender-based definitions of success frequently revolve around presenting or developing their bodies as strong, youthful, active, and physically dominant. The evolution of social media (such as Facebook) and online digital gaming environments (such as massive, multiple online games [MMOs]) now offer venues where individuals can consciously self-select an d present virtual versions of themselves that can either conform with, challenge, or defy societal expectations and media presentations. Digital formats, on the one hand, represent exciting possibilities for individuals who can explore the freedom of presenting a physical self that might differ from the one they present or perform in everyday life or from socially-defined expectations. As Rettberg argues, ‘‘our fascination with creating digital self-portraits is indicative of our collective coming of age where we as a culture are discovering that we have voices online and can express ourselves rather than simply accepting the mass media’s views of the world’’ (2009, p. 453). On the other hand, digital formats may simply offer a chance to replicate cultural and mass media normative versions of the individual, specifically as they relate to gender. Since how people present and perform their bodies in virtual spaces offer specific impressions, many of which relate to gender, one objective of the current study is to examine how gender portrayals manifest themselves in self-selected social media displays. Specifically, can social media website content help us understand more about gender roles and the way people present themselves in the virtual social world? Do the ways they manage their images reinforce existing gendered stereotypes? Because social networks such as Facebook are relatively recent phenomena, the content of self-presentation profile pictures has not been analyzed in great depth. Extant literature supports the idea of expected gender roles unique to males and females (Goffman, 1976; Lauzen, Dozier, & Horan, 2008; Wanta & Legett, 1989; Williams & Best, 1990) and the idea that society advocates these roles through various media (Bell & Milic, 2002; Hancock & Toma, 2009), with both males and females engaging in impression management in order to control their public image (Dominick, 1999; Jones, 1997; Leary, 1996). Witmer and Katzman (1997) argued that females may display more emotional graphics than males while communicating on the Internet. Extant literature, however, only reveals one study that has examined gender differences in self-selected portraits in self-posed photographs (Mills, 1984) and one study that has examined gender differences in Facebook profile pictures (Strano, 2008). Strano’s study, focusing exclusively on gender difference in impression management, found that women engage in management more than men (Strano, 2008). In a related area of literature, self-presentation in computer-mediated communication (CMC), some studies suggest a great deal of ‘‘gender-swapping’’ on the Internet (Bruckman, 1993; Roberts & Parks, 1999; Witmer & Katzman, 1997) with some estimates as high as 60% (Roberts & Parks, 1999), and with males ‘‘gender-swapping’’ more than females (Bruckman, 1993; Suler, 1999). The fantastical and fantasy-based nature of many gaming environments, however, and the anonymous nature of most CMC in general might suggest that the freedom to reinvent oneself not only in terms of gender but also race, ethnicity, and other variables is much broader than in Facebook profile pictures. Facebook friends, who may know the person in real life, recognize a photograph as a self-selected presentation but, researchers argue, most likely do not assume that the profile picture reflects extensive alteration or photo retouching. The current study, therefore, makes a unique contribution by investigating whether self-selected Facebook profile pictures exhibit stereotypical gender roles consistent with traits emerging from existing research. Literature Review Gender Roles Some researchers suggest that gender differences result from a variety of factors including socialization and biology; as such, gender roles are often manifested through communication and culture (Goffman, 1976; Lauzen et al., 2008; Wanta & Legett, 1989; Williams & Best, 1990; Wood, 2009). West and Zimmerman (1987) claim gendering is a routine interaction of everyday life. ‘‘Both gender role and gender display focus on behavioral aspects of being a man and a woman’’ (p. 127). They use Goffman’s (1976) account of ‘‘gender display’’ to suggest gender is also constituted through interaction. Says Goffman, ‘‘If gender [can] be defined as the culturally established correlates of sex (whether in consequence of biology or learning), then gender display refers to conventionalized portrayals of these correlates’’ (1976, p. 69). Goffman cites sports as a framework to explain masc uline tendencies, asserting that the male gender is categorically viewed as aggressive, strong, and competitive. In agreement, West and Zimmerman (1987) assert that ‘‘Doing gender is unavoidable . . . because of the social consequences of sex-category membership: [this includes] the allocation of power and resources not only in the domestic, economic, and political domains but also in the broad arena of interpersonal relations’’ (p. 145). As men and women tend to assume ‘‘proper’’ societal gender roles, associated behaviors are viewed as cultural markers that indicate norms of social interaction. Williams and Best (1990) searched for gender stereotypes among respondents from 25 nations worldwide. Participants were presented with a list of 300 character traits and instructed to indicate whether the trait was ‘‘more frequently associated with men than with women,’’ ‘‘more frequently associated with women than with men,’’ or ‘‘not differentially associated with the two sexes.’’ Table 1 presents results for the traits most commonly associated with men and women and indicates the traits isolated for this analysis. Gender Roles in the Media Society often promotes gender role markers as social norms through photographs and other visual displays used in advertising. Wanta and Legett (1989) studied the media images of male a nd female athletes of the 1987 Wimbledon Tennis Tournament, concluding that men and women were depicted differently in terms of emotion, dominance, and power. Goffman (1976) accounts for these traits in his research of magazine and newspaper photography, finding women to be pictured in more submissive positions while men are depicted in more elevated positions. Based on Goffman’s inquiries, Wanta and Legett (1989) hypothesized that female tennis players would be shown more often in positions implying helplessness than male tennis players. Goffman’s (1976) studies of power within photographs asserted that the more dominant a person’s face was (i.e., the more full-front, direct-to-camera orientation of the face, and the greater the percentage of photo space taken up by the face), the more power was held and=or portrayed by the person pictured. Wanta and Legett used these ideas to predict that the photographs of female tennis players would focus more on the players’ bodies, while male tennis players would have more concentrated images of their faces. However, the majority of Wanta and Legett’s (1989) hypothe ses remained unsubstantiated; their gender stereotypes were not confirmed. In fact, opposite portrayals often emerged. They concluded that the photographer was trying to break gender stereotypes. In contrast to the work of Wanta and Legett, the research conducted in the current study does not rely on images shot by professional photographers. Rather, the present analysis is based on self-selected and, almost exclusively, self-created Facebook profile pictures. Gender roles, present in everyday interaction, are also enacted on television. Lauzen and colleagues (2008) examined gender roles enacted by men and women on television. Using a stratified random sample of 124 prime-time television series airing on six broadcast networks during the 2005–06 seasons, they looked at the rates at which men and women fell into categorically different social roles. Taking a category scheme developed by earlier research, Lauzen and colleagues defined social roles as the things ‘‘people do in daily life’’ (see Eagly & Steffan, 1984, p. 735). These roles vary from childcare and household chores to workplace activities. Through a content analysis, they found male characters on prime-time television were more likely to inhabit work roles, including blue collar, white collar, and extracurricular activities, while women were portrayed in more interpersonal roles involving romance, friendship, and family. Similarly, in their content analysis of 827 Australian magazine advertisements from 1997–98 to determine the presence of stereotypical gender roles, Bell and Milic (2002) concluded that ‘‘Males were more frequently shown in ‘narrative’ ways (as actors) than females, and this is true of both groups and individuals. Women were more likely than men to ‘behave’ (or to express emotion)’’ (p. 215). Their findings suggest stereotypical gender traits of men and women consistent with those of Williams and Best (1990) and consistent with Goffman’s (1976) analysis of advertising which found that women were ‘‘more likely to be portrayed performing submissive or appeasing gestures such as head or body canting, bending one knee inward (‘bashful knee-bend’), smiling, clowning, and acting less seriously’’ and were ‘‘often portrayed as being under the physical care and protection of a man’’ (as cited in Bell and Milic, 2002, p. 205). Ragan (1982) analyzed gender differences in 1,296 portrait photos from high school and university yearbooks, concluding there are gender differences; females smiled more than males, smiled more expansively than males, tilted their heads at greater angles than males, faced the camera less directly than males, and wore glasses less frequently than males. While this research identifies gender differences, it was limited by an influential factor: Photographers posed the subjects (Ragan, 1982). In hopes of accounting for this limitation, Mills (1984) conducted a study in which 34 men and 34 women were asked to present themselves as typical college students in pictures. Mills’ findings reinforced the suggestion that females smile more, and smile more expansively, than males. Gender stereotypes also abound in video games. Female characters are represented as highly sexualized while male characters possess exaggerated strength, are hypermasculine, aggressive, and, with the exception of showing hostility, lack emotion. They are also less likely to display helping or nurturing qualities (Robinson, Callister, Clark, & Phillips, 2008). One study found that the central role for male characters was ‘‘competitor’’ while females’ central roles were ‘‘victim,’’ ‘‘damsel in distress,’’ or ‘‘evil obstacle’’ for the hero to overcome (Heintz-Knowles et al., 2001). The findings of these video game content analyses have remained fairly consistent over time and have also been shown to be perceived by audiences (Robinson et al., 2008). Based on the work from several decades of research on gender roles from the fields of advertising, television, photography, digital gaming studies, and cultural studies, it is apparent that masculinity often implies strength, ambition, and independence, whereas femininity implies physical attractiveness, reverence, and sentimentality (Wood, 2009). The rapid growth of digital media invites researchers interested in the cultural impact of gender to investigate this alternative outlet for self-presentation. This study provides a natural extension of such work in investigation of gender differences in self-selected Facebook profile pictures. Self-Presentation Goffman (1959) argued that individuals were concerned with self-presentation during all social encounters. This is because, among other reasons, impressions impact the opinions of others regardless of an individual’s intentions. Burr (2002) claims J. Rose et al. The other people making up our audience can, by their own conduct, either legitimate or reject our claim to be a certain kind of person, and Goffman (1959) argues that this is done by carefully monitoring the match or mismatch between what we ‘give’ (the things we say or do to create an impression) and what we ‘give off’ (the body language, our general demeanor—the communicative aspects of our conduct that are harder for us to control and manipulate). The creation and maintenance of impressions is therefore a two-way street (2002, p. 73). Hence, for Goffman (1959), the ‘‘presentation of self in everyday life’’ and the roles maintained are pertinent to everyday interaction. People constantly play characters to avoid embarrassment and to ‘‘fit-in’’ with social norms. Gender role, then, focuses on the collectivity of logical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to social situations (Burr, 2002). Most self-presentation studies have examined the concept only in face-to-face communication (Goffman, 1959; Leary 1996). Recent studies (Oh, 2004; Cho, 2006) about self-presentation in personal websites analyze only the styles and not gender display specifically. Similar to face-to-face contexts, individuals do make choices about gender-related impressions over the Internet. A number of studies, for example, have demonstrated extensive ‘‘gender-swapping’’ in ‘‘avatar’’ creation for online gaming and in text-based CMC (Bruckman, 1993; Roberts & Parks, 1999; Suler, 1999). In these virtual environments, physical identity markers are not apparent and, as a result, the self is more fluid and changeable (Gergen, 1991) and offers increased opportunities for strategic self-presentation (Walther, 1993; Walther, Anderson, & Park, 1994). Gender is often one of the variables that communicators can consciously shape in these mediated environments (Roberts & Parks, 1999; Bruckman, 1993; Wilbur, 1996). Some researchers have gone so far as to argue that the computer-mediated environment is a gender-bending world (Witmer & Katzman, 1997). Modern gaming environments, in particular, allow gamers to design or choose ‘‘avatars,’’ their virtual self in the gaming world, that possess a variety of differing characteristics such as height, weight, age, gender, dress, and profession. In these environments, the avatar becomes ‘‘inextricably linked to their performance of self and engagement in [a virtual] community’’ (Taylor , 1999, p. 438). Despite the above cited studies of ‘‘gender-swapping’’ and self-presentation in CMC, no researchers have examined the extent to which social media users ascribe to gender stereotypes in their presentation of self on the Internet. Samp, Wittenberg, and Gillett (2003) examined the extent to which ‘‘gender schematic’’ individuals (individuals with either strong masculine or feminine gender orientations versus androgynous orientations) and individuals who were high (versus low) self-monitoring engaged in gender-swapping on the Internet. The researchers in this study used self-report data from Internet users about their online gender-swapping behavior generally. The researchers in the current study, by contrast, provide a content analysis of actual Facebook profile pictures in terms of the presence or absence of gender stereotypes and do not focus on gender swapping. Hancock and Toma’s 2009 study of profile pictures on online dating websites created and posted with the intention of creating relationships comes closest to the focus of the current study. In line with Goffman’s (1959) suggestion that self-presentation is the process of packaging and editing the self in order to create a certain impression for an audience, Hancock and Toma (2009) examined the impact of gender on self-presentation and social desirability. They found that both women and men ‘‘edit’’ their profiles to create a better self-presentation through self-enhancement (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Some participate in ‘‘selective self-presentation,’’ an even more controlled act of impression management in which imag es are changed or distorted, often leading to further inaccuracy portrayed by the profile (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Having the ability to ‘‘select’’ or specifically change or display particular points of interest, the users can greatly affect the impression made of them (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Both men and women on the online dating social network use ‘‘selective self-presentation’’ to their advantage to give the impression of being more desirable to their audiences. Hancock and Toma (2009) suggest men and women can control their self-presentation through social networks (i.e., online dating sites). Such sites comprise one segment of social networks; Facebook is another. Realizing stereotypical gender roles are present in society, Dominick (1999) studied how men and women presented themselves on personal homepages. Dominick (1999) coded 500 randomly sampled personal homepages based on demographic and personal information, creative expressions, and photographs. He used Jones’ (1997) five strategies of image construction: ingratiation (state ments of modesty, familiarity, and humor); competence (statements of abilities and achievements); intimidation (statements of anger and unpleasantness); exemplification (acts of moral superiority); and supplication (images of helplessness, while acting self-deprecating; Dominick, 1999). He concluded that females released more information than males while both males and females were equally likely to have photographs on their pages. Women’s photographs tended to be more sentimental in nature, while men’s more often were ‘‘joke images’’ and images that made them seem more competent and capable. He concluded that ‘‘A personal web page can be viewed as a carefully constructed selfpresentation’’ (Dominick, 1999, p. 647). Dominick asserted that the concept of impression construction exposes the different strategies men and women use to present themselves through images and information to gain a higher level of likeability, respect, and power in society (1999). Jones (1997) noted that individuals strive to be liked and accepted, resulting in social rewards such as friendship, social support, companionship, romance, and social status. Because smiling is associated with being liked and competent, Jones (1997) correlates gestures with the ingratiation and competence strategies of image construction. As Facebook was not founded until 2004, Dominick’s (1999) study is expanded upon in this study (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet). Buffardi and Campbell (2008) studied whether photographs from a variety of social networks are self-promoting. They state, ‘‘Self-promoting connoted persuading others about one’s own positive traits’’ (p. 1307) and define physical attractiveness as the degree to which an individual appears self-promoting and vain in a photograph. While not examining gender differences in self-promotion per se, the researchers did examine ‘‘how sexy and modest . . . the individual in the main photo appeared to be’’ (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008, p. 1307).

How to Conjugate the Verb Comprare in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Comprare in Italian Some definitions of â€Å"comprare† include, to buy, and to purchase. What to Know About â€Å"Comprare†: It’s a regular verb, so it follows the typical -are verb ending patternIt’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"comprare†.The participio passato is â€Å"comprato†.The gerund form is â€Å"comprando†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo comprato†. Indicativo/Indicative Il presente io compro noi compriamo tu compri voi comprate lui, lei, Lei compra essi, Loro comprano Esempi Oggi compro un po’ di pane ed un etto di prosciutto. - Today I’m buying a bit of bread and an ounce of prosciutto. Il passato prossimo io ho comprato noi abbiamo comprato tu hai comprato voi avete comprato lui, lei, Lei, ha comprato essi, Loro hanno comprato Esempi Hai appena comprato un regalo per Stefano? - Have you already bought a gift for Stefano? L’imperfetto io compravo noi compravamo tu compravi voi compravate lui, lei, Lei comprava essi, Loro compravano Esempi Ogni sabato, compravo un gelato alla fragola. - Every Saturday, I bought a strawberry gelato. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo comprato noi avevamo comprato tu avevi comprato voi avevate comprato lui, lei, Lei aveva comprato essi, Loro avevano comprato Esempi Ti ricordi il libro di grammatica che avevi comprato due anni fa? L’ho ritrovato! - Do you remember the grammar that you bought two years ago? I found it! Il passato remoto io comprai noi comprammo tu comprasti voi compraste lui, lei, Lei compr essi, Loro comprarono Esempi Comprà ² delle bottiglie di vino. - He bought some bottles of wine. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi comprato noi avemmo comprato tu avesti comprato voi aveste comprato lui, lei, Lei ebbe comprato essi, Loro ebbero comprato TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io comprer noi compreremo tu comprerai voi comprerete lui, lei, Lei comprer essi, Loro compreranno Esempi Comprerà ² una casa in Toscana!   - I will buy a house in Tuscany. Il futuro anteriore io avr comprato noi avremo comprato tu avrai comprato voi avrete comprato lui, lei, Lei avr comprato essi, Loro avranno comprato Esempi Avr comprato una nuova macchina! - He must have bought a new car! Congiuntivo/Subjunctive Il presente che io compri che noi compriamo che tu compri che voi compriate che lui, lei, Lei compri che essi, Loro comprino Esempi Preferisco che tu compri i girasoli invece dei mughetti. - I prefer that you buy the sunflowers instead of the lilies. Il passato io abbia comprato noi abbiamo comprato tu abbia comprato voi abbiate comprato lui, lei, Lei abbia comprato essi, Loro abbiano comprato Esempi Spero che abbiate comprato abbastanza vino per la festa. - I hope that you all bought enough wine for the party. L’imperfetto io comprassi noi comprassimo tu comprassi voi compraste lui, lei, Lei comprasse essi, Loro comprassero Esempi Era strano che lei non comprasse i libri per il corso. - It was strange that she didn’t buy the books for the course. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi comprato noi avessimo comprato tu avessi comprato voi aveste comprato lui, lei, Lei avesse comprato essi, Loro avessero comprato Esempi Pensavo che tu avessi gi comprato l’anello! - I thought you had already bought the ring! Condizionale/Conditional Il presente io comprerei noi compreremmo tu compreresti voi comprereste lui, lei, Lei comprerebbe essi, Loro comprerebbero Esempi: Comprerei tutto in questo negozio! - I would buy everything in this shop! Il passato io avrei comprato noi avremmo comprato tu avresti comprato voi avreste comprato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe comprato essi, Loro avrebbero comprato Se non ti dicevo che ero allergica,   avresti comprato le rose rosse vero? - If I didn’t tell you I was allergic, you would have bought the red roses, right?

Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Example

Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Example Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Explain how developments in the consumer market have impacted on food retailing Essay Essay Topic: Marketing Developments in the consumer markets have impacted on food retailing whether it is regarding the changes in technology or changes in customer expectations or environmental issues. These changes can affect many different food retailing operations such as; superstores, limited range, discount food stores, petrol stations, home essential stores, city stores, mail order, online stores, farmer’s markets, home delivery. Radical Radical changes are largely to do with technology and how it’s evolved over time and the impact it has had upon food retailing. Radical changes have affected superstores in terms of the 4 large super markets, which are Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. The food retailers have adapted to meet developments by installing self-scan checkouts to reduce queues in stores, this new type of technology that supermarkets have invested in to keep their customers happy, by reducing the time standing in queues. They also have websites where their customers can view the products and services they require to make it easier for their customers and more convenient. Also stock management to ensure supermarkets do not run out of the goods consumers want because % of customer like stores that have products that are in stock. Limited range retailers such as Aldi and Lidl have also been influenced. This is because there are a number of people that use technology. Aldi have produced a website where potential customers can visit in order to see what is available in store and whether the products they require are available for them to purchase. Lidl have also produced a website for their customers to view products which are sold at the stores along with other information about where their produce originates from. They do this in order to make it easier for their customers and to adapt to the changes in the developments in consumer market. Unfortunately they do not have self-scan services or in terms of their technology as they are limited range retailers and only have a limited range of products that customers may require regularly, for example, products such as milk, bread, water etc. Customer markets have also influenced on petrol stations due to technology; it has become more advanced and within the 21st Century things can be purchased from consumer’s mobile phones, computer, tablet etc. Therefore petrol stations have now installed tills which are computerized in which the petrol owner can quickly swipe all food products within seconds instead of having to put in the price in of all the products by pressing numbers. The products are all loaded into a system so the products just need to be swiped, which reduces time for people in queues as it takes less time than typing the prices in on the old tills. Top up/ home essential stores are also influenced by customer market. Because technology have become advanced which means that people are able to find cheap broadband for their technological items, which makes it more simple as they can receive their product in store. It has also impacted on food city stores. Customer market has also influenced mail order as they have allowed customers to order online and get the mail posted to their house. People use mail order to get goods, specialist goods as well as ordering from food specialist such as organic foods, and small producers who are direct to consumers. There has been a massive impact on online stores as People in the UK are now often purchasing product online because every has internet access, people are easily accessible to technology. People are busy at work so they do not have the time to go shopping therefore shopping from online stores is convenient and easier for them, as they can have it delivered to wherever they require online store. They have adapted to this by producing an on-going service where employees at the warehouse fill individual trolleys for each order that needs to be sent out the correct person. Specialist farm producers have been influenced by taking away their business what they got from their city people who used to visit for the fresh produce, therefore have introduced an online ordering service where people can order what they like and pick up after or get their items delivered far, a price the farmers have to travel far into city in order to deliver. Home delivery has also been impacted. This is because many people are working and are really busy to do their shopping so by ordering over the technological devices makes it easier for them to just order over the phone, for it to be delivered at their doorstep. This indicates that thwy had to improve their service with the number of people increasing the usage of technology. Continuing changes are about the changes that are continually happening this can be influenced by fashions, trends and awareness. Customer expectations and demand Customer expectations and demand must be met if a business will want their customers to return and purchase from their business again. They must guarantee their demands and expectations are met in order to gain customer loyalty and enhance relationship with their consumers. Superstores have been impacted because they introduced 24 hour opening for the convenience of customers. This is because as superstores are very big, customers expect that they have every single item of products as they are the biggest buildings where all food products can be found, meaning that businesses must keep to customers’ expectations and respond to their every appropriate demands. This indicates that business with superstores must guarantee they have all the stock within the superstore to be purchased by customers. Limited range and discount food retailers have also been influenced positively, as there has been a demand in the increase of these stores for the reason of the recession. Home essential stores have also been influenced because they are known as convenient stores/top up stores. Meaning, once a person has purchased products from that store they will want the same quality of products again, if customers’ demands enhances then they must achieve this by purchasing more from suppliers. They must also keep to customers’ expectations of service as well as availability. This indicates that having these have increased because customers want convenience. Mail order has also been impacted. This is because customers are ordering food mail, the food retailer must ensure that the package if delivered in its correct form which no product damaged on the way, as customers’ expectations will be increased, since they are getting their order delivered, this means if the package is delivered in the correct state it will increase demand in future and ensure that the customers’ expectations are in the mind. There are lots of specialist’s food available, which is direct online from the producer which includes farm goods, fishing goods, ready-made meals and organic veg etc. Online stores have also been impacted. This is because it is harder for them to persuade people to use their service as they are an online store where people have to order online instead of visiting a store. This means that the online store ensure that the packages are delivered in the correct form in order to respect customer’s expectations and please them as well as increase demand for future. This also links to superstores as Morrison’s now offer online shopping for the first time due to customer expectations/ demand. Customer expectations and demand have influenced farmers markets. More towns and councils offer farmers market on a regular basis due to demand from local communities. home delivery has also been influnced by customer market this is because like online store people shop from home and so therefore expect that their shopping arrives in a perfect condition. Meaning that home delivery food services deliver the food products in a perfect form in order to please their customers and work up to their expectations, as well as increase demand for service in future. This also links to online delivery via supermarkets. Changing Social and working patterns. In the 21st Century there is now a variety of different food ranges depending on how different people live their lives. Also some stores now remain open for 24 hours to work around every ones hours. This has impacted on superstores. This is because people have different tastes and lifestyles, some live fast food where other are health conscious. This means that big superstores must keep a variety of food to match all. Superstores ensure this now by putting on the amount of calories on each product they sell for those who are health conscious to limit how much they eat according to their lifestyle. Also working patterns have affected super stores. Superstores have adapted to this by opening 24 hours for those who either work days so can do their shopping at night or those who work nights can do day shopping so it can fit around everyone’s schedule. Changing social and working patterns have influenced discount food stores have expanded because of those who have a low incomes end after the recession to help them get the same quality of food but at an affordable price. They do this by providing discounted affordable food with quality to those who cannot afford high prices of superstores. Their working pattern does not consist of 24 hours as they may be independent opened stores. Petrol stations have been influenced because many have expanded upon the range of products they sell. They have also introduced coffee machines and partnerships with Subways, Spar shops etc. The change in working pattern for this is that petrol stations have adapted to stay open 24 hours as at the middle of the night some may require food and drink as well as fuel so having small stores open within the petrol stations is cheaper to run as they hold the same variety of products in a normal superstore and more convenient if it’s a popular petrol station. Home essential stores have also been influenced. This is because people have different lifestyles and ways of living so they ensure they have every different type of product. This can be dependent on region for example in Bradford a lot of home essential stores sell spices to use in Asian food. Mail order has also been impacted. This is because busy people may order their food via mail making it easier for them to collect as they may require a special type of food products. Customers can also order 24 hours a day. This also means it means to purchase specialist food products. Consumers use online methods as they want better quality goods. This has also impacted on online stores. This is because online store have been introduced to help those with a busy lifestyles. They adapted to this by allowing the customers to order online and the either picking it up or delivering. They hold a variety of foods depending on a person’s taste or lifestyles. Their working pattern however is not 24 hours therefore the deliveries are made through the day but the order can be made any time. If at night the delivery is made then it will be ready the next day. Farmers markets have also been impacted by changing Social and working patterns, this is because some people like freshly grown produce and therefore go to the farmers markets. This means farmers ensure that the produce is fresh from the day before for the customers to purchase. Because of this more towns and cities are organising famers markets. Home deliveries have also been influence by Changing Social and working patterns, this is because of people with busy lifestyles. Supermarkets have adapted to home delivery for those with busy lifestyles. They have adapted to do home delivery for those with busy life styles and other reasons. However their working patterns are not 24 hours. As such services often allow the customer to have food products delivered on a particular day at a particular time. Affluence Affluence is how much money a person earns in a household. This is central to the food industry because the higher the persons income they higher quality they will purchase and vice versa. People can have high levels of affluence and low levels of affluence. Depending on the income people get in their household, can influence the food industry in terms of them providing their customers with products that they are able to afford for those who have a low income. However people who have high affluence are people who have a high income of money within the household. Meaning those people with higher incomes will purchase products that have a better quality in terms of ingredients. There will be those who will pay the price of premium good such as luxury cuts of meat, expensive cheese, and expensive fish such as caviar. Also those who have a higher affluence are those who will want more organic goods than those of less affluence. This is because they are more health conscious and know more about organics goods and how they are doing well by consuming them. Also those who have specialist diets will be those from the high affluence category where they are purchasing the high end quality products which are included in their diet and will look for products which have low calories and less chemicals in order to help their specialist diet to progress. This means that business must ensure that the goods must be available in order to provide the goods that people will higher affluence require. Those who are less affluent have impacted the food industry in terms of the increase in food discount stores and the economy ranges. Therefore this has impacted the food industry to increase stores that store low price food for those who have a less household income in order for them to get the same helpful service as those with affluence. Increased Mobility Increased mobility has made a massive development. This is because there are a number of ways people can get to a store without walking. This can be done by getting the bus, taxi, tram, car, train etc. Increased mobility is about increase in people being able to move around via cars that many have purchase as there has been an increase in people being able to move around. The overall influence it has on the food retailers is that they have had to adjust by increasing car parking space in order for their customers to park their car in the safe car park whilst they go shopping. This means that the more people who are purchasing cars and using cars means that the food retailers must find a place where they can park the cars this means either the businesses investing in a plot of land that’s available next to their stores or either when buying land look for a place that has the potential to become a car parking space. This means that businesses must allow the access for cars to come due to the increase in people with cars because customers will not come to a business where there is not facility for cars, therefore a business must have access for cars if they want their business to work and attract more customers. As there has been an increase in people using cars it means food retailers have not only had to provide more parking for them but an easy in and out access so cars are not stopping the entrance. This also has meant for them to introduce drop off and pick up bays for those who travel by taxi cars. Therefore food retailers have been impacted by increased mobility a lot as they have had to increase their service in many different areas to do with car mobility. Environmental Issues Environmental issues consist of waste and carbon emission. Environmental issues have influenced superstore. This is because they are big and produce more waste and as their deliveries are quite regular to the store, this means their carbon emission is high if little orders are placed and a big truck delivers it. Therefore superstores have adapted to reducing waste by only using the amount of packaging they require and recycling those that are not useful to use again and reducing their carbon emissions by switching off unnecessary lights at the end of the day and by making a delivery all in one to save Tesco’s depot coming backwards and forwards with small delivered in a big truck. Limited range retailers been influenced by environmental as this is exactly like superstores however less of the waste as they are a smaller limited retailer, however their carbon emission is high as they are transporting good from Europe to England as this will burn a lot of fuel. Discount food stores have been impacted in terms of waste when food goes off due to short shelf life and an overload of stock leading to waste. This means that the have adapted to just buying the correct amount of short shelf life stock in order to reduce their percentage of waste. Petrol stations have been impacted in terms of plastic waste and carbon emissions. They have adapted to reducing the amount of unnecessary time fuel is refilled ad are recycling plastic instead of burning it with coal and creating carbon dioxide. Home essential stores have been influenced in terms of topping up too much stock and having to throw it away due to the slow sales at time. They have adapted to reducing waste by keeping things that are more commonly demanded for everyday use. Environmental issues have influenced city stores. This is due to the wastage they gather in terms of packaging as well as food which doesn’t sell especially those with short life. Although they may be busy they will still have some waste so they have adapted this by only getting a certain amount of stock in order to reduce waste per week. Mail order has also been impacted. This is due to carbon emissions. Therefore they have adapted this development by having the parcels sent to the owner by region/ city so the vehicles don’t have to travel far and won’t produce a lot of carbon emission. Online stores have also been impacted. This is due to them delivering the package which makes carbon emissions along with packaging waste. Therefor they have adapted their thinking in delivering just like mail order from the closest city or region. Farmers markets have been influenced such as the carbon emission from the machinery. In order to adapt to avoiding carbon emissions they have started to hand pick veg and fruit which do not require machinery to avoid producing Co2 as they do that when travelling to markets to sell. Home delivery has been impacted in the obvious state of producing carbon emissions. Therefore they have adapted to use small vans instead of big trucks to reduce carbon emissions but also sending the orders out from local stores so fuel isn’t used up quickly and carbon emissions are lowered. In conclusion, developments in consumer markets have impacted on food retailing whether it is a big development or small, they are influence. Many retailers have had to change plans in the way they transport goods and well as how they would meet customer expectations and adapt to changing society. This all has to be done to match everyone’s taste in order to make customers happy. Also they must always be aware of such developments if food retailers are to give the customer what they want and remain successful.